Sunday, 17 September 2017

High rise Towers

Power point presentation of history, Design , environmental and safety consideration In Construction of
By
Avdhesh Kumar Mathur
On
Fourth  Friday 25th August 2017
at
 Senior Centre Cupertino
Blog  Hinduism:Omkar -AvdheshMathur
 Introduction of High Rise Towers
 By Gods grace and thanks to Dineshji & Gutalaji I am presenting this lecture which is based on  my curiosity knowing about high rise buildings after seeing C.N.N Tower at Toronto Canada which I visited in  October  2016.  The picture of C.N.N Tower and Video taken by me of other high rise buildings from the Tower shall be shown at the end of presentation.
 Emporis Standards  defines a high-rise as "A multi-story structure between 35–100 meters tall or   a building of unknown height from 12–39  Or more floors.
  Higher buildings are known as Sky Scrappers.
.
 Video of Construction of high rise Building is Shown in next slide
Video Showing Construction
of High Rise Building
High Rise Apartment Buildinlass Igs in India
While most developers in metros as well as  class  I cities are now offering high rise residential apartments, builder floors have not lost popularity
Most of the new and upcoming residential projects, especially in big metros, feature high rise buildings.
 Such buildings are generally more than 75 feet high. Such high rise buildings, on an average, have 10 to 15 floors.
Some of the taller ones that have been launched in recent times have as many as 40 to 60 floors and are known as Sky Scrapers.
 
.Need for High rise Buildings
High-rise buildings were made practicable by the use of steel structural frames and glass exterior sheath
Demands for high rise building is due to
1. - Scarcity of land in urban area –
2.  increasing demands for residential and business space –
3.  economical growth - technological advancement –
4. innovation in structural system
-5.  desire for aesthetic in urban setting –
6.  concept of city skyline
-7  cultural significance and prestige - human aspiration to build higher

Hstory and  modern developements
Fig 1: The Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower) dominates the Chicago skyline
Organization of the Construction Site
It is is an important part of the planning process but is highly dependent on the building site and site limitations.
A construction site requires function:
1.  site offices
2.  access for the supply of materials,
 3.  space to store materials after they are delivered. If there is no storage space, then materials can be delivered in smaller amounts "just in time"
 4. Crane solution (tower or mobile) in order to lift materials & to reach construction site
 Landscape  and land requirements
 LANDSCAPE - GENERAL
to define the technical design criteria needed to achieve the landscape policy goals the Land Development Code (LDC),has been provided in both India and USA.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS
The basic landscape requirements are  common to all commercial sites ,there are additional landscape requirements for high rise buildings given in codes of different countries.
Specifications country wise
In India in most of cities only buildings up two to to four storey’s  are permitted
high rise Buildings   are permitted for Metro and Class one cities
    
                            
In USA  generally in cities buildings are constructed only upto three stories and these are all wooden  buildings.
 In Down towns  high rise  constructions are made and sky scrappers are being constructed in Big Downtowns
Type of High-Rise Structure
1. Braced Frame
2. Rigid Frame Structure
In filled Frame Structure
Flat Plate and Flat Slab Structure
Shear wall structure
Coupled wall structure
Wall-frame structure
Framed tube structure
The trussed tube
Tube in tube or Hull core structure
Bundled tube structure
Core and Outriggers system
Hybrid structure
•









ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS

Function is one of the significant architectural parameters of tall buildings.
Base Plan : One of the important architectural factors representing the geometry and form of a tall building is its base plan shape.
• This parameter is divided into six basic and simple shapes.
 1. 1. rectangle,                                 2.  ellipse and circle,
3. curvilinear,                                4.  triangle,
5.  polygon                                     6. parallelogram shapes.
• With these classifications, small variations in the base plan are not as a separate group. Form based on 1.aerodynamic 2.  geometric characteristics :
Worlds Tallest Buildings 1&2
 828 M
2,717 Ft
163 Storeys
2010
#1 tallest in the world
632 M
2,073 Ft
121 Storeys
2014
#2 tallest in the World
World Tallest Buildings 3&4
601 M
1,972Ft
120 s
2012[
I]#3 tallest in the World
541M
1776 fT
104 s
2013
4th tallest in world ( No more exist}
Tallest minaret
Jemma Al Djazair 
Technical details
37
Design and construction
World Tallest Buildings of World  5&6
509 M
1671Ft
108
2010
 #6 tallest in the World
Tallest Building
of India and USA
India
The Imperial
 (Mumbai)Mumbai
254  M
833  Ft
60  Stories
2010
No  1 In
 India
United States
 Empire State Building, New York, N. Y.
443 M
1454 ft
102 storeys
1931
No. 1 in USA
No 1 in world
Upto 1970
Fire protection techniques
 Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm System  Partial coverage by this system is not desirable. The detectors have to be properly installed, maintained and tested to ensure adequate fire protection.
 Both audible and visual alarms are used to alert the occupants through a central control panel. Typical Automatic Fire Alarm System.
2. Automatic Sprinkler System: a) Automatic sprinklers have the unique properties of automatic detection .
Pros and cons
 PROs:
Only solution in scarce or expensive land situations
 ƒ More compact and integrated management ƒ
Easier to provide and maintain services
extremely affordable and convenient, your lifestyle . Living the High Life in High rise apartment buildings come with a lot of pros.
plenty of opportunity to make friends that are literally only a staircase away.
CONs:
ƒ Complex and expensive to design and build ƒHigh density living makes high demands on services
 ƒ Higher psychological and social stresses
ƒ More difficult to control risks and handle emergencies
. This means no loud parties.
come with plenty of hazards and dangers to consider. If you have young children or pets, you need to safety proof y.
Safety in High Rise Towers
Safety has not been generally considered a critical factor. But in high-rise buildings, the cost in terms of human life in a natural disaster or man-made accident will be so high that life safety must become the foremost consideration, starting from the concept stage. . Factors  apart from safe design are: ƒ
 Realistic modeling 
 Constructability ƒ
 Redundancy
Risk management in construction
 (a) Elimination of scaffold risks:
 (b) Substitution of risky products or processes by less risky ones: ƒ
 (i) Stopping workers from falling
Integrated Building Management System (IBMS)
  IBMS with respect to high rise buildings ,large commercial complexes, provide “single window” access, for:
1. Monitoring & control of fire fighting systems.
2. Security module for access control.
3. Elevator control.
4. Module for management of energy in the complex.
5, Module for preventive maintenance of equipments etc.
 6.  Life saving module provide primary monitoring & full control of smoke detection.
 7.  Security module allows operators to control and monitor entry of
Details of electrical power requirements
     
 The high income group owner may prefer a large number of electrical outlets for lights, fans, table lamps, floor lamps, radio, T.Vs, music system, personal computers, fax machine, cordless telephones, air conditioners, washing machines, geysers, microwave oven, refrigerators, grinders, dish washer etc .
Separate circuits are required for emergency lighting and change over facility for elevators, pumps etc. 
‘change-over’ switching facility from normal to diesel power and vice-versa is provided.
.
         Solar Lighting Panels on roof Top
Sanitary Installations in High ruse Buildings
Water Supply in High Rise Buildings
Water supply and Sewerage in High rise buildings
Construction methodology
Construction methodology in high-rise residential buildings
 1. Since 2000,  Many high-rise residential buildings were built and in the coming years another 27 projects are being realized. The construction methodologies that are mostly used are
1. ‘tunnelen’ (48%),
2.  ‘prefab’ (24%),
3.  ‘klimmen’ (10%),
4. ‘staal’ (5%) and
5.‘traditioneel’ (2%).
Description of an undergraduate project in TelAviv Israel  portraying the construction management planning of a residential high-rise building are given in next  few plates
                                                   Reinforcing BarsR
Ten High rise buildings of world
Choice of Materials
 1.. Steel
. Steel :- • Carbon is added and this acts as a hardener.
 • Different mixes of steel will possess different characteristics from varying hardness and malleability Corrosion resistance and weight.
 • The steel work buried within reinforced concrete is to a large degree protected from fire bythe concrete covering it.
2. REINFORCED CONCRETE
. • A relatively modern addition to concrete has been fiber reinforcement. This can be as a replacement to in addition to conventional steel reinforcement.
• Most large scale concrete construction in the world is now carried out using this technique and the liquid concrete can be pumped or craned up buildings as construction proceeds
3.  Glass:
 Density : 2000Kg/m3 Thickness : 220mm Weight/Square meter : 440 Kg/m2
 Density : 2.51 g/c3 Thickness : 12mm (Taking into account, a double glazed unit 6mm outer glass - 12mm air gap - 6mm inner glass) Weight/Square meter : 30kg/m2 So,
 considering a typical high rise building - 50 high with 40,000m2 glass area
 Estimated weight reduction : 16,400 Tons
Ease in installation of Glass
When it comes to installation, following are the advantages a glass façade over a concrete one:
•Quicker fabrication & installation of glass faced
2. •Dry construction while using glass, which implies a cleaner project site.
• Glass is 8 times lighter than a Brick wall facade! • REINFORCED GLASS is a block which can withstand explosions, even (to some extent) nuclear explosions.
 Structural glazing for high rise building:
 •Aesthetics
•Signature designs
•Flexibility
•Robustness Glass has a multitude of benefits :
 Visual appeal       •Lightness      •Installation   •Customization     
4. Cast iron
 Cast Iron use has been overtaken by Steel. Cast Iron has little strength in tension but is very strong in compression. It can still be found in some older High Rise buildings, usually to provide structural beams and columns.
 5.Aluminium
 Aluminium is a relatively soft and light metal with a melting point of 660
.• Its lightness means it has uses in the construction industry for non-structural items, such as door and window frames and external cladding.
• Aluminium’s  greatest weaknesses is the low temperature at which its structural stability is affected
6. P.V.C. (POLY VINYL CHLORIDE)
. P.V.C. (POLY VINYL CHLORIDE) –
•Unplasticised polyvinyl chloride is a lightweight is widely used as a framing and cladding material.
•t is also extensively used in plumbing as pipe material for waste and rainwater.
•It is very durable but weak and like most plastics has a low decomposition temperature
•It has been extensively used in the refurbishment of many UK tower blocks from the 60’s and 70’s to provide double glazed windows and balcony doors.
 • Upvc does not burn freely and has class 1 fire rating
10 T0p tallest Buildings in India 2017


2. Imperial Tower no 2   2017  254 M

7. Lodha Bellossimo  C   2017  222M
  10. Viveria-1  2017   200 M
Conclusion 1
There has been enormous rise in population of India and shift of population from rural areas to urban area due to this cities have become already crowded.
As a result to provide houses and accommodation to all residents and offices, two fold policy has been provided as a remedial measure.
1.To increase the area of cities to adjoining land outside the periphery of cities and towns.
2.To allow construction and extension of houses vertically upto four storeys.  And providing High Rise Buildings  & Sky Scrapers in metro cities and  high rise buildings  in class one cities of India Already upto 15 storeys in Lucknow and upto 35 storey buildings in Bangalore have been constructed.
In India Fire hazards are more, and adequate precautions for safety of Buildings  have to betaken
 Other Top Buildings  of world
World Crest is the first iconic  trinity at       World Towers
    
 Next Video ,taken by  me , is  view of Toronto down town  from  CNN Tower
End of Slide Show
I am thankful to the chair person sri Patvardhan  and Sri Khatriji for conducting the presentation successfully &  to  you audience for seeing  and appreciating the presentation and to all workers of Senior centre who very well organised the show.
Over to the Chair person for Question hour Etc
The end
A 58-story Millennium Tower high-rise in San Francisco has sunk “16 inches” since its completion seven years ago. Moreover, it is not sinking evenly; therefore, it is tilting more and more  towards left side as weight pushes it down.
According to the Los Angeles Times, Millennium Tower contains luxury condos that were advertised as homes for the rich and famous but now tilt “an estimated two to four inches at [its] base and 14 inches at the top.”
Sinking and Tilting  of High Rise Building In Sanfranscisco
The statement said. " Buildings settle over time," However, 301 Mission exists in a location where major Buildings settle over time," underground construction work was subsequently performed by others, who were obligated to monitor and protect existing structures, and to mitigate any impacts of their work. 301 Mission has settled more than originally anticipated because it was affected by such subsequent construction by others."
""Importantly, the Association has been assured that there are currently no short or long-term concerns with regard to building integrity or safety."
The transit authority also said the high-rise is made of concrete rather than steel, "resulting in a very heavy building. This heavy structure rests on layers of soft, compressible soil. ."

House of CardsOn 16th May, 1968, Mrs Ivy Hodge, a council tenant in a block of flats called Ronan Point in east London, wandered into the kitchen of her 18th floor flat. She leaned over her cooker and struck a match. Instantly, an explosion blew out the pre-cast concrete panels which formed the side of the building.
 The entire end of the block collapsed like a house of cards. Mrs. Hodge survived, but four others died. Over 200 feet tall and containing 110 flats, Ronan Point was assembled from pre-fabricated concrete panels lifted into position by crane and held together by bolts. It was a 'system-built' block- an easily assembled structure more like a giant meccano set than a work of architecture.
But system-built blocks were an easy way to build lots of houses quickly, and in the year previous to the disaster, 470,000 new flats and houses had been built- the largest number recorded.
Other beautiful Buildings of India
2013
    No. 5 . RNA Mirage India    2013
     C.N.N. Tower Toronto Canada
Dubai 2717 ft                                         chicago1450 ft
No.  8.Ashok Tower 2013
6 . Raheja Legend  India 2013
      9 . Oberoi Woods Tower 2013
No. 10 . Raheja Atlantis India2013
         8 . Vasant Grandeur India 2013
Statue of Liberty
151 ft tall
and rests on platform 154 high
High rise Apartments  v/s Builder Floor
Builders Floor
• Disadvantages are
 Construction cost increases • Difficult for children and old people to go up when elevators fails. • Enjoying the charm of private garden cannot be obtained.
 • The approach is not suitable for very large structures, or for those with significant dynamic response.
Advantages are
Other High rise Buildings

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