•
•History
, Design , Construction and Safety of Tunnelling
•By
•Avdhesh
Kumar Mathur
•At
•Senior
Center Cupertino
•On
•
•
Monday , the 11th September 2017
•
•Blog
--- Hinduism Omkar Avdhesh Mathur
•video
•Showing
Tunnel on Beaverton to Portland Road
•
•Highway
Tunnel on Beaverton to Portland road
•Introduction
By Gods grace and thanks to M.L.Swami, Today I am giving a presentation on Tunnels specially
with respect to Development of Tunnels in India.
A tunnel is defined as a
passageway through or under something, usually underground (especially one for
trains or cars )
•A national project to link Jammu with Kashmir Valley
by 340 km broad gauge railway line has been
recently completed involving construction of about 63 tunnels in Jammu-Udhampur sector.
•Metros
are also planned for other cities namely Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahemdabad,
Mumbai, Chennai etc. which include many tunnels.
•Details
of Metro tunnels are not dealt in this presentations.
•
•
•A tunnel is an
underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil / earth / rock.
•
•
•
Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water
for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or
are sewers..
•
•Secret
tunnels are built for military purposes, or by civilians for smuggling of weapons, contraband, or people.
•
•
Special tunnels, such as wildlife crossings, are built to allow
wild life to cross human-made barriers safely.
•History
of Tunnels in world
•Before
there were trains and cars, there were transportation tunnels such as canal,.
•America's
first tunnels was the Paw Paw Tunnel, built in
West Virginia between 1836 and 1850
In the UK, the
1934 Queensway
Tunnel under
the River
Mersey between Liverpool and Birkenhead
tunnel for road was constructed
Boring method
was used
in Victorian civil engineering,
the method found favour in the renewal of
Britain's ancient sewerage systems
During the First World War, the system was used
by Royal
Engineer tunnelling
companies to put mines
beneath the German Empire lines.
•
•
•
•List
of Famous Modern Tunnels
•1.Woodhead , 3.5 mile
tunnel that was dug for the purposes of Manchester-Sheffield Railroad in 1845.
•
•2. Hoosac Tunnel ,
first large tunnel in United States. It was builtt
over the period of 20 years (finished in 1876) and was 4.5 miles long.
•
•3. Mont Cenis Tunnel , fist great tunnel networks in the Alps
Mountains. They were 8.5 mile long.
•
•4. London underground metro network was made in 1860s. Initially they dug deep
trenches, installed support and
then covered them up with dirt.
•
• HISTORY
OF TUNNELS IN INDIA
• Tunnel
construction in India dates back to Mahabharata period when Pandavas excavated an escape
tunnel.
•
•Many
kings constructed escape tunnels from their forts to safer places to be used
during emergencies.
•
When it comes to Mughal cities, there was an
underground tunnel between Delhi and Agra and Delhi and Lahore
In the case of Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh, the tunnel connecting the Charminar and Golconda fort is believed to have hidden treasures--kept there by Nizams, with emergency exits-- at several places.
In the case of Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh, the tunnel connecting the Charminar and Golconda fort is believed to have hidden treasures--kept there by Nizams, with emergency exits-- at several places.
•
•Modern
tunnel construction in India has its origin mainly in the nineteenth century
.
•
•
•Types
of Tunnels in India
•. Hydro Tunnels
•Railway Tunnels
• Railway Tunnels in Hilly Terrain
• Delhi Metro
.
• Kolkata Metro .
•Konkan Railway .
• Road and Highway Tunnels
.
•Water Supply and Irrigation Tunnels
•Ancient Caves and Caverns.
•Steps
in Planning of Tunnels
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•1.Site
Selection
•
2. Obligatory Points
•3.
.Preliminary Survey
•
4. Fixing Location of Tunnels
•5.Geological
and
•Geotechnical
considerations
•6.
Environmental Considerations
•7.
Drainage Design
•8.
Fire Safety
•
•9. Ventilation Design
•10. Lighting Design
•11. Electrical Supply Design
•12. Design for Monitoring and Control
•13. Services Buildings and Plant Rooms
•14. Construction Issues
•15. Tunnel Commissioning
•
•
•Project planning and cost estimates
• When
a tunnel is being planned or constructed, economics and politics play a large
factor in the decision making process.
•The
project duration must be identified using a work breakdown
structure (WBS)
and critical path method (CPM).
•The costs and
benefits for
an infrastructure such as a tunnel must be identified. Political disputes can
occur
•
•Current
and planned tunneling activity in India
•The
country has major needs for tunnelled infrastructure to
improve and expand
•1.
urban water supply and sewerage,
•
2. Hydropower potential in the
Himalayas,
• 3.Improve road and railway connections and
•4. Building and expanding mass rapid transit
systems.
•
•.
The country has a well-established and experienced base of national
tunneling contractors and state rail,
hydro and water supply authorities have experience in managing and procuring
major tunneling projects.
•
•
Foreign expertise is invited for BOOT concession projects, for specialized
tunnel design, construction and project management know-how, and
•for
procurement of state-of-the- art equipment and materials supply. Opportunities
for international consultants, machine manufacturers and suppliers are present
and expanding.
•
•Aerodynamics
and ventilation in rail tunnels May 2015
•
•Design
Requirements
•1. Introduction
•1.1. Structure of the
Road Tunnels
•1.2. Purpose of the
Guide
•.1.3. Safety System
•1.4. Purpose & scope of the Guide
•
•
•2. General Design Requirements
•3. Structural Requirements
•4. Geometric Design
•5. Pavement Design
•
•Design
criteria
•Tu
•For
more than 20 years we have fomented new technologies and best practices for the
design and construction of road tunnels.
•
•Tunnels
represent the most expensive type of transportation structures
•
•National
Hughway authorities , the
state highway agencies, municipalities as well as the general public has to have
•
•VISION:
Preserve and Enhance Tunnel Engineering
Expertise
•
•MISSION: To develop, promote
and advance road tunnel engineering principles, technology, and maintenance
practices in the through a national team of road tunnel experts.
•GOALS:
•Form a national team
of road tunnel experts to serve as a reliable and credible information source
to internal and external (all other)
customers.
•Develop a web page to
include such items as:
•Choice
of tunnels vs. bridges
•India
Will Have Its First Underwater Tunnel Ever In Andhra Pradesh Soon
DEC 29, 2015
DEC 29, 2015
•India's
newest state capital Amaravati will get an
underwater tunnel in river Krishna, about three-km long, for vehicular traffic
if the state government has its way.
•
The detailed master plan for the upcoming capital envisages a transparent road
tunnel from beneath the river connecting the administrative capital with
Vijayawada, the commercial hub of Andhra Pradesh.
•
Design and Construction Techniques of tunnels
•.
•
One method is to cut two parallel
excavations in which the side walls are constructed first. Arches connecting
them are then built as the material between them is extracted.
• A
tunnel cut through rock frequently requires no lining. Hard rock is removed by
blasting.
•In
all cases, however, pumping equipment must be installed.
•River-crossing
tunnels are also constructed by dredging a trench in the riverbed and then
lowering prefabricated tunnel sections through the water into the trench.
• The
safety concept for the Tunnel
•1.
Width of Tunnel
•2.Ventilation
•3.Provision
Of loud speakers
•4.Fire
Safety Measures
•
•Ventilation Guide lines
•Ventilation
is an important consideration for life safety and for dissipation of heat from
various electrical devices.
•
Heat produced by transformers or lighting ballasts could accumulate and
contribute to unfavorable conditions within these locations.
•In
larger tunnel installations, there exist many heat producing devices and
ventilation would need to be considered.
•Ventilation
will also allow for air exchanges that are necessary to remove moisture and to
allow for air exchanges within these areas.
•
•Safety--- Criterias for Ventilation
The points are
awarded as under are added up to provide
the following risk assessment::
•–1. Tunnel
length (1 to 6 points)
•– 2.
Traffic frequency in the case of one-way and two-way traffic (1 to 10 points)
•–3.
The proportion of lorries (max. 8 points)
•– 4. Transportation of hazardous goods (max. 5
points)
•– 5.
Greatest longitudinal incline of the tunnel (max. 3 points)
•–6.
Additional dangers posed by the tunnel (max. 3 points)
The ratings “very good”, “good”, “adequate”, “critical”
and “sub-standard” are generally applied
according to points.
•Shafts
•1886
illustration showing the ventilation and drainage system of the Mersey railway
tunnel
•Once
construction is complete, construction access shafts are often used as ventilation shafts, and may also be
used as emergency exits.
•
•Longest
Tunnel of USA & India
•Longest
Tunnel of USA
•The
Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel (WhittierTunnel) is a multi-use
highway and railroad tunnel that
passes under Maynard Mountain. At 13,300 ft (4,100 m), it is the second-longest highway tunnel and longest combined rail
and highway tunnel in North America.
•
•Longest Railway Tunnel of India:
•Pir Panjal Tunnel:
• The
Pir Panjal Tunnel is a longest
railway tunnel 11.00 km long on Banihal railway
•at
the Pir Panjal Range of Himalayas,
in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
•
•Safety and security
•Lighting within Tunnels
•Lighting
is extremely important for the safety of the user of the trail/sidewalk system
•Lighting
also allows for people to see in the tunnels. Walkers, and bicyclists need lighting in these
locations to avoid possible injuries due to collisions.
•It
goes without saying that these requirements are also necessary for tunnels that
allow for vehicular movements as well
•Instalation of electrical fixtures
•Tunnels
on Road
•
•Tunnel
on Mumbai Poona Express Highway
•
•
•The Dhauliganga
Valley
• in the Himalayas
•Jawahar Tunnel: India
• Jawahar Tunnel is a 2.5
Km long road tunnel under the Banihal
pass, situated between Banihal and Qazigund in Jammu and
Kashmir. lighting system.
•
•
•
•
•.
These are twin Tunnels 2400 feet long, costing $439 millions and are fitted
with sensors and cameras.
•
•
•
•The
Kamshet West-Tunnel or Kamshet I tunnel is 1.843
km long road network tunnel situated near Kamshet in Pune Maharashtra.
•Tunnels
for Hydropower projects
•
•Lower
Sileru Hydro Electric Power
Project
•
It includes about two miles of Tunnel constructed under supervision of Sri M.L.Swami Our Secretary Foswel
It includes about two miles of Tunnel constructed under supervision of Sri M.L.Swami Our Secretary Foswel
•
•
•
Shark tunnel at the Georgia Aquarium
: Undersea tunnel
There are also several approaches to underwater tunnels, the two most common being bored tunnels or immersed tubes, examples are Bjørvika Tunnel and Marmaray.
Shark tunnel at the Georgia Aquarium
: Undersea tunnel
There are also several approaches to underwater tunnels, the two most common being bored tunnels or immersed tubes, examples are Bjørvika Tunnel and Marmaray.
•The Transbay
Tube
•The Transbay
Tube is an
underwater rail tunnel which
carries Bay Area Rapid
Transit's four transbay lines under San Francisco Baybetween the cities of San Francisco and Oakland in California
•
•.
The tube is 3.6 miles (5.8 km) long; including the approaches from the
nearest stations (one of which is underground), it totals 6 miles (10 km)
in length. It has a maximum depth of 135 feet (41 m) below sea level.
•
•The
tube was constructed on land, transported to the site, then submerged and
fastened to the bottom (mostly by packing the sides with sand and
gravel).This immersed tube technique is in
contrast to bored tunneling, where rock is removed to leave a passage.
•
•The
Tube was the final segment to open in the original BART plan.All BART lines except
the Richmond–Warm
Springs line operate
through the Transbay Tube, making it one
of the busiest sections of the system in terms of passenger and train traffic
•The Bay Area UnderwaterRapid Transit Tube
•The Bay area under
water Tunnel
•FAMOUS
TUNNLS of World
•Tunnels
in India 1st &2nd
•1st
•11,215
metres (36,795 ft)
•Hillar Shahabad
•2013
•
•2nd
•Karbu de (T-35)
•6,506
metres (21,345 ft)
•1997
•
•
•3rd
and 4th
•3rd
•Nathuwadi (T-6)
•4,389
metres (14,400 ft)
•
•
•4th
•Tike
(T-39)
•4,077
metres (13,376 ft)
•1997
•
•Tunnels
on Railways
•
•
•
Konkan Railway, with 2,000 bridges and 91 tunnels, is an engineering marvel
Konkan Railway, with 2,000 bridges and 91 tunnels, is an engineering marvel
•. Konkan Railway is one of
the most beautiful train route in India, runs from Mangalore in Karnataka to
Mumbai in Maharashtra through Goa,along the west coast of
India and Western Ghats. Mumbai/ Mangalore :
•
It is known as an engineering marvel across the
world. Built across some of the toughest terrains, Konkan Railways has over
2,000 bridges and 91 tunnels.
•
•Picture
of Entrance to Tunnel In Kokkan Railways
•Tike
Tunnel:
•The
4.0 km long Tike Tunnel is located at the western ghat region of Maharashtra,between Ratnagiri and Nivasar.
•Natuwadi Tunnel: The
4.3 km long tunnel was constructed on 1997 and comes under the Zonal railway of
Konkan
•Karbude Railway Tunnel
The Karbude Tunnel remained India's longest rail tunnel till the Indian government gave green light to the Railways plan to construct Pir Panjal tunnel.
This 6.5 km long tunnel is located on the Konkan Railway route near Ratnagiri in Maharashtra. Situated between Ukshi and Bhoke station, Karbude tunnel is Konkan railway line's longest tunne
The Karbude Tunnel remained India's longest rail tunnel till the Indian government gave green light to the Railways plan to construct Pir Panjal tunnel.
This 6.5 km long tunnel is located on the Konkan Railway route near Ratnagiri in Maharashtra. Situated between Ukshi and Bhoke station, Karbude tunnel is Konkan railway line's longest tunne
•
•Tunnel
Entrance in KonKan Railways
•Photo
of Tunnel Entrance Konkan Railways
•The
tunnel is 4000 meters long constructed for single line board gauge railway, at Berdewadi in Ratanagiri (South) section. The cross sectional area
is 34 sq.m. in linear reach.
•Pir
Panjal Railway Tunnel 1
•
•Pir
panjal railway tunnel
•Overview
Line Jammu Tawi-Udhampur- Srinagar-
•
•speedup
to 75 km/h (47 mph)
•
•
•
•
•Construction
of Tunnels
•How to Build a Tunnel . 1.
•Factors to Consider in Building a Tunnel
•Consider where the tunnel will be built.
•Soft-ground
tunnels. These tunnels require support at the openings to keep the tunnel from
collapsing. These tunnels are usually shallow and used for subways, water
delivery, and wastewater removal systems.
•Rock
tunnels. Because they are excavated from solid rock, these tunnels require
little added support or none at all. Train and car tunnels are usually of this
variety.
•Underwater
tunnels. As the name indicates, these tunnels go under rivers, lakes, canals,
and in the case of the “Channel,” straits such as the English Channel
•Building
a tunnel under a city offers problems similar to an underwater tunnel, in that
the ground around the tunnel tends to sag under the weight of the buildings
above it
•
•Consider the tunnel’s path. 3
•Consider the tunnel’s purpose.
• Part2
•Using the Cut-and-Cover Method
•1
•Dig a trench
•Create the tunnel walls and roof. The tunnel
walls and roof can be built as the tunnel is being dug or may be
pre-constructed and put into place as the tunnel is being dug. Materials today
include the following:Corrugated steel arches.
•Precast
concrete arches.
•Precast
concrete walls.
•Poured
or sprayed concrete.
•Types
of Tunnels & Construction Methods
•
Mountain Tunnel -- Drilling and blasting (D&B) method
•Tunnel
boring method TBMs are used to
excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of
subterranean matter; hard rock, sand or almost anything in between.
•
Shallow-buried Tunnel or Soft Soil Tunnel
•Cut-and-cover
method
•Shield
method The Shield method uses one or two shields (large metal cylinder) to cut
out a tunnel through the soft ground.
•.
Immersed tube tunnel, sunk into a body of water and laid on or buried just
under its bed.
•
•HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONAL Drilling 1
•
•
•1. . BY METHOD OF DIRECTIONAL DRILLING, GRADES,
SEDIMENT, STREAMS, FREEWAYS AND NICELY LANDSCAPED YARDS STAY OUT
OF THE FRAY.
•
•2. Horizontal
directional drilling (HDD), also known as underground boring, installs and
replaces underground utilities by steering a rod in the ground, around
obstructions then pulling the utilities through the bore hole to the connection
point.
.
•
•
•
•
Other construction metyhods1. Drilling and blasting
Hydraulic splitter
Slurry-shield machine
2. Wall-cover construction method.
3. Double-deck and multipurpose tunnels
The upper level traffic lanes the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge through Yerba Buena Island, part of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
Some tunnels are double-deck, for example the two major segments of 36) are linked by a 540-foot (160 m) double-deck tunnel section through Yerba Buena Island, the largest-diameter bored tunnel in the world.
now converted to one-way road
Other construction metyhods1. Drilling and blasting
Hydraulic splitter
Slurry-shield machine
2. Wall-cover construction method.
3. Double-deck and multipurpose tunnels
The upper level traffic lanes the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge through Yerba Buena Island, part of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
Some tunnels are double-deck, for example the two major segments of 36) are linked by a 540-foot (160 m) double-deck tunnel section through Yerba Buena Island, the largest-diameter bored tunnel in the world.
now converted to one-way road
•
•
INDIA GETS ITS LONGEST TUNNEL (11.55 KM)
INDIA GETS ITS LONGEST TUNNEL (11.55 KM)
•Work
has been recently commenced on Indian
Railway’s longest tunnel – the Jiribam-Tupul-Imphal new broad gauge
railway line in Manipur.
•The
111-km-long new broad gauge railway line from Jiribam
to Imphal comprises 37
tunnels, of which Tunnel No. 12 will be the longest in the Indian Railway at
11.55 km.
•The
Allain barrage, at an
elevation of 2,750 m, diverts a nominal discharge of 19 m3/s
through a desilting basin before
entering a headrace tunnel.
•
An intermediate storage basin, used during low flow periods, regulates the
headwater level before transiting flow through a 2.94 km-long headrace tunnel.
•
The intermediate basin has live storage capacity of 220,000 m3 and
provides peaking generation for a minimum of four hours per day during lean
flow months.
•
•India’s longest tunnel is the 11.2 kilometre
link from Banihal
to Quazikund
linking the Jammu region to the Kashmir valley.(Waseem Andrabi/HT Photo)
Work on the 125-km Rishikesh-Karnprayag rail link, which will have India’s longest tunnel of 15.1 km, is set to begin in four-five months.
The cost of the railway project will be Rs 16,200 crore, up from around Rs 4,000 crore estimated when it was mooted six years agoofficials said.
Work on the 125-km Rishikesh-Karnprayag rail link, which will have India’s longest tunnel of 15.1 km, is set to begin in four-five months.
The cost of the railway project will be Rs 16,200 crore, up from around Rs 4,000 crore estimated when it was mooted six years agoofficials said.
•
•PirPanjal Tunnel of Himalyas
•Pir
Panjal Railway Tunnel -
Jammu and Kashmir
Construction in stages shown by Videos
Construction in stages shown by Videos
•
Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel - Jammu and Kashmir
Construction in stages shown by Videos
Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel - Jammu and Kashmir
Construction in stages shown by Videos
•Video
•Drilling
,Charging and Blasting
•Drilling
•Drilling
,ChargingBlasting and Loading
•Drill & Blastand Loading
•The Prime Minister, the Governor and the Chief Minister
then posed for a photograph with the engineers who were involved in
construction of the tunnel.
•Berdewadi Tunnel
•4.0
Km long Berdewadi railway Tunnel is
located between Adavali to Vilawade train route in
the Maharashtra state of India. Berdewadi Tunnel is also the part of Konkan Railway train route
•
•Labour
and Engineers working in Tunnelling
•
•Enlargement
•Approaching ends of tunnels are chain locked to prevent
land sliding and shooting stones
•
•Using a Tunnel Boring Machine
•Using a Tunnel Boring Machine
Choose the right tunneling machine for the job. Tunnel boring
machines, called TBMs for short or “moles,” feature circular plates on the
front called shields.
•Disc-shaped
cutters on the shield tear through rock and dirt, which passes through openings
in the shield onto a conveyor belt inside the TBM that deposit it behind the machine.The types of TBM shields
vary according to whether the mole is to dig into soft, wet ground or hard
rock.
•
Shield diameters range from Aker Wirth’s 26.3-foot (8.03 m) shield on its TBM
used for Switzerland’s Linth-Limmern power stations to
Hitachi Zosen’s “Big Bertha,” with its diameter of 57.5 feet (17.5 m).[7]
•Drilling Of Tunnels
•Drilling
in Progress
•Boring
Machine
•Tunnel
boring machines (TBMs) and associated back-up systems are used to highly
automate the entire tunnelling process, reducing tunnelling costs.
•
Boring machines
Boring machines
•Video
Boring Machine
Boring Machine
•Cut
waste turn profile
•
•Drilling
Operations
•Excavator
Mounted Drilling Rigs
•
The Weehawken, New Jersey helix and entrance to the Lincoln Tunnel leading to New York City in 1955, with the south tube under construction
The Weehawken, New Jersey helix and entrance to the Lincoln Tunnel leading to New York City in 1955, with the south tube under construction
•
•
•Tunnelling
in Construction
•Drilling
in Progress
•
•Big Machines
•
Tunneling work for the Allain Duhangan project was completed successfully after encountering several challenges, including unexpected rock conditions during excavation of the Allain headrace tunnel.
Tunneling work for the Allain Duhangan project was completed successfully after encountering several challenges, including unexpected rock conditions during excavation of the Allain headrace tunnel.
•
• Conclusion
•A
decision must be made as to what type of tunnel one is dealing with before you
can begin the work
•Safety
factors including lightening and ventilation of tunnels are important factors.
•Method
of constuction and machineries
required have to be decided and procured.
.
•
Good communication between the installer and the executing authority will help with an understanding of the
requirements of the National Code and of other documents.
•Tunnels
can provide years of enjoyment and safety for individuals and
community.
•Together
we can make sure tunnels will be functioning correctly for years to come
•Longest
tunnel under construction in the world is about 15 KM long is on Rishikesh to Karanprayag Railway
line under construction in India
•.
They help shortening of time to travel saving effort in travelling as well as
fuel.
•
•The End
•I
am thankful to Sri M.L.Swami for
chairing the session so gracefully and Khatrijifor wonderful mike arrangements and you audience for
patiently listening to my talk and all other staff of ICC Cupertino in making the presentation a
success.
•Over
to the chair person for question answer session/
•The
end/Time permitting I shall present
Video of P.M. Modi’s Speech
inaugurating J& K Railway Tunnel
•Speech Of P.M. Modi at Udhampur
•
•Modi Inaugurates Longest
Tunnel in J&K
•Failure
of Tunnels
•session
on Risk management, in the World Tunnel Congress 2016 in San Francisco.
•some incidents in
operating tunnels, which result from faults in design, specification, and
construction, incubating since the beginning of the tunnels operation, and
occurring unexpectedly at some point throughout the life time of the structure
• For instance the collapses in the Boston I-90
or the Tokyo Sasago tunnel
•. These are likely to
have been avoided, were the tunnels’ inspection and maintenance plans are more
educated and vigorous.
•The
experiences (and the mistakes) of others are significant lessons for ourselves
– and vice versa
•.
Statistics of failures are very useful to understand where our industry
suffers. And then it is a duty of our industry to honestly and openly share
information from failures, in order to increase awareness and knowledge with
our fellow professionals and to minimise
risk for our society.
•Fully
Reopens
February 13, 2013General, Geotechnical informationtunnel collapse, tunnel failureElina Apostolou
An expressway tunnel in central Japan whose ceiling collapsed in December, killing nine, became fully operational Friday after a 68-day hiatus, its operator Central Nippon Expressway Co. said.
February 13, 2013General, Geotechnical informationtunnel collapse, tunnel failureElina Apostolou
An expressway tunnel in central Japan whose ceiling collapsed in December, killing nine, became fully operational Friday after a 68-day hiatus, its operator Central Nippon Expressway Co. said.
•The
nearly 5-kilometer-long Sasago Tunnel in Yamanashi
Prefecture became fully usable again ahead of the previously targeted reopening
date later this month as restoration work was hastened ahead of the upcoming
long weekend when traffic is expected to increase.
•Tunnel collapse can happen for
a number of reasons such as: inadequate ground investigation, shallow ground
conditions, inadequate support measures, cost optimization, inexperienced
contractors, inadequate supervision, delays of excavation and support erection.
•
•
•
•Traffic
through a collapsed tunnel which reopens
•
•Metro
Underground trains and Stations
•New
Delhi Metro Map
•Under
ground Metro Station
•
•The
Picc Vic Project
•Delhi
Metro Station
•
•
•KonKan Railways ---Mudgao Rly . Station
•
•
Tunnel Test
•Tunnels
throughout Europe are tested each year within the scope of the ADAC Tunnel Test
•Assessment
Criteria
•The
check list is is split up into 6 categories possessing varying degrees of
significance:
•1.
Tunnel system (14 %)
•2.
Lighting and energy supply (7 %)
•3.
Traffic and traffic monitoring (17 %)
•4.
Communication such as radio, loudspeakers and emergency call facilities
•5.
Escape and rescue paths (14 %)
•6.
Fire protection (18 %)
•
No comments:
Post a Comment